Zombie Terminology in Horror Films: A Cultural and Linguistic Analysis

The vocabulary used in zombie movies is highly intriguing and often overlooked. Contrary to the popular term "zombie," a word deeply rooted in Haitian folklore, many within the genre prefer to use other lingo, such as "ghouls," "walkers," and "infected." Understanding this terminology not only adds depth to the stories but also reflects the cultural and linguistic influences of horror films.

Origin of Zombies in Haitian Folklore

The term "zombie" originates from Haitian folklore, where it refers to a dead body reanimated through dark magical practices. These undead beings were often used as slave labor and were said to be under the control of a Bokor, a malevolent sorcerer. The zombies in these tales were not flesh eaters but were used for labor and control.

Transformation of the Term "Zombie"

George Romero, the father of modern zombies, adapted the term for his films. In his legendary work Night of the Living Dead, the monsters were not zombies but were referred to as "ghouls." Ghouls are more closely associated with the concept of flesh-eating undead. They are usually depicted as beings that kill their victims before consuming their flesh, a trait that aligns with the ghoul lore rather than the zombie folklore.

The Use of Alternative Terms in Horror Films

While the term "zombie" is frequently used in some notable films and video games, such as Romero's Dawn of the Dead and Land of the Dead, and the Resident Evil series, many filmmakers choose to use alternative terms. In this case, they often use "walkers," "biters," and "infected." These terms serve a symbolic purpose, emphasizing the mindless nature of the creatures. For instance, The Walking Dead creates a sense of unfamiliarity and fear by using terms like "Walkers" and "Biters" instead of "zombies."

George Romero’s Motivation in Night of the Living Dead

George Romero's choice to use the term "ghoul" in Night of the Living Dead was intentional. He wanted to highlight the predatory nature of the creatures, likening them more to a ghoul demon than to a Voodoo zombie. This approach helps to emphasize the danger and primal nature of these undead beings, which is central to the horror genre. The term "ghoul" also reflects a carnivorous aspect, setting the tone for the story's darker undertones.

Bokor and the Vodou Zombies

In Vodou, a subdivision of Haitian religion, a Bokor, or a witch doctor, can create a zombie through dark magic. These zombies are mindless creatures used for various nefarious purposes. While this concept is both fascinating and terrifying, it is distinct from the modern depiction of zombies in horror films. The use of "zombie" in film and television often stretches the term to mean "mindless undead" in general, creating a broader category for these creatures.

The Impact of Terminology on Audience Perception

The choice of terminology can significantly impact the audience's perception of the story. By introducing a new term or modifying the existing one, filmmakers can create a sense of novelty and mystery, prompting viewers to question the origin and nature of the undead creatures. This ambiguity is a key element in horror films, allowing the audience to develop a sense of tension and fear.

For example, in The Walking Dead, the term "Walker" is used because it creates a specific image in the audience's mind. It suggests a creature that is both alive and dead, a being that should not exist. The term "Biter" is even more evocative, reinforcing the idea that these creatures feed on the living. On the other hand, the term "infected" is more clinical, highlighting the biological aspect rather than the supernatural one.

The Evolution of Zombies in Horror Films

It is worth noting that the term "zombie" in the modern context is a misnomer in relation to its traditional usage. As the horror genre has evolved, the term has been stretched to mean "mindless undead" in general. This evolution reflects the changing nature of storytelling in horror films, with a focus on creating a broader, more encompassing category of monsters.

Conclusion

The terminology used in zombie movies is crucial to the storytelling process. Terms like "ghoul," "walker," "infected," and "zombie" each carry their own connotations and create different atmospheres and moods in the films. By understanding the origins of these terms and their transformation over time, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the genre and its cultural significance.