The Targaryens: Reflections of Real Historical Figures in George R.R. Martin's World

George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, and its subsequent TV adaptation Game of Thrones, is rich with characters and stories that draw parallels with real historical figures. The Targaryen dynasty, in particular, mirrors the reigns of various medieval kings, reflecting historical themes and archetypes in its narratives. This essay explores how several Targaryen kings and queens are reminiscent of real historical figures, fitting into the broader tapestry of English and European history.

Aegon Targaryen: Aegon I the Conqueror and William the Conqueror

Aegon Targaryen, the conqueror who united the Seven Kingdoms, embodies the spirit of historical figures like William the Conqueror, the last man to be King of England through conquest. Aegon's reign bears similarities to the unification of England, much like Alfred the Great and Edward the Elder, who began uniting Anglo-Saxon England under their rule.

Maegor Targaryen: Henry VIII and King John

Maegor Targaryen, known for his hasty marriage to six different women, can be compared to both Henry VIII and King John, though the historical accuracies vary. G.R.R. Martin drew parallels between Maegor and King John, but it's important to mention that King John never burned nobles on his dragons or murdered his own nephews. In fact, John is believed to have killed one of his nephews, adding a layer of complexity to the comparison.

The Dance of Dragons: The First English Civil War

The conflict between Rhaenyra Targaryen and Aegon II Targaryen, known as the Dance of Dragons, parallels the struggles of the first English Civil War. Rhaenyra and Aegon II's political intrigues and battles echo the conflict between Empress Matilda and King Stephen, where Rhaenyra's son, Aegon III, eventually emerged as the king.

Jaehaerys Targaryen: Henry I, Matilda's Father

Jaehaerys I Targaryen, known as the Conciliator, can be compared to Henry I, Matilda's father, who pursued a different kind of kingship. Unlike his father, William the Conqueror, who was more of a conqueror than a ruler, Henry I married a descendant of Alfred the Great and sought to be more than just a conqueror. While they share the leadership style of a conciliator, there are nuanced differences, as Henry I may have also murdered his brother William II.

Daeron Targaryen: Richard I the Lionheart and Edward I Longshanks

Daeron Targaryen's story draws parallels with both Richard I the Lionheart and Edward I Longshanks. Like Richard, Daeron's reign was marked by frequent absences, leaving little time for domestic rule. The successes and failures of both Richard and Daeron in their attempts to conquer and rule Dorne mirror each other. Richard spent most of his reign engaged in wars in France, leaving his successors to deal with the consequences, similar to Daeron's attempt to unite Dorne and eventually giving way to Baelor the Blessed.

Daeron’s namesake, Daeron II Targaryen, might be compared to James I and VI of Great Britain. Although both the unifications of Dorne and the unification of Great Britain were ultimately peaceful processes, the similarities end there. Both Daeron and James had mixed success in their efforts to integrate new territories into their realms.

The Baratheons and Targaryens: The Houses of York and Lancaster

The civil conflict known as Robert's Rebellion, led by the Baratheons and in response to Aerys Targaryen's tyranny, parallels the War of the Roses between the Houses of Lancaster and York. Viserys Targaryen's fall from power and the ascension of Robert Baratheon mirrors the exiled and later triumphant Edward IV of York, who was succeeded by his heirs, Edward V and Richard of Gloucester, who were eventually declared illegitimate and murdered.

Daenerys Targaryen: Bloody Mary and Henry VII

Daenerys Targaryen, known as the Mother of Dragons, has strong parallels with historical figures like Bloody Mary (Mary I of England) and Henry VII (the first Tudor king). Mary I, like Daenerys, faced significant challenges in asserting her rule, including religious and political upheaval. Henry VII’s reign, with its strategic marriages and alliances, can also be seen in Daenerys’s efforts to secure her rule through alliances and the integration of the Seven Kingdoms.

Conclusion

George R.R. Martin's intricate use of historical themes and archetypes enriches the A Song of Ice and Fire series, making it not only a fictional world but a tapestry woven with threads of real historical events and figures. By drawing parallels with English, European, and other historical monarchies, Martin has created a narrative that resonates with readers, providing both entertainment and a deeper understanding of historical dynamics.