Slavery and Naming: How Slaves Acquired Their Names

Slavery has been a dark and oppressive institution throughout history, impacting millions of people across various parts of the world. One of the deeply-inscribed violations of human rights during this time was the practice of renaming slaves. This article explores the origins and implications of the names given to slaves, focusing on naming practices and how these names have evolved over time.

Origins of Slave Names

Slaves were often given new names by their owners. This practice was not exclusive to any particular culture or era but was widespread in many societies. For instance, Israelite slaves were stripped of their original names, which often contained the name of their deity, 'Yah,' and given Eurocentric names. This renaming was a form of erasure and subjugation, as it severed the slaves' connection to their cultural and religious identities.

Additionally, the naming of slaves was parallel to the naming of domestic animals. Slaves were often referred to by animal-like names, reflecting the dehumanizing treatment they endured. Names such as 'Toby,' derived from the English dog or cat names, were common. For example, a slave named Toby might become known simply as 'Toby Washington,' in a similar way that a child might be called 'John' after his father.

Regional Variations in Naming Practices

The practice of renaming slaves varied depending on the era and region. Slavic people, for instance, had such a large number of slaves that some slaves themselves owned other slaves. In this context, the names of slaves were given in a way that was familiar in other domains, such as naming horses or dogs.

In some parts of the world, and particularly in the Americas, African names were sometimes retained, but with americanized spellings. Slaves who had first and last names when free before their capture by slave traders also existed. These individuals, often darker-skinned freedmen, might be legally enslaved and given the surname of their former owners. Some of these records refer to them as 'White Smith' or 'Johnson' or similar names, indicating their family origins.

The Influence of Religious Naming Practices

The naming of slaves often reflected religious beliefs as well. The Arabic term 'Abdullah,' meaning 'slave of God,' was a common name used in this context. This illustrates the complex interplay between religious and cultural identity and the erasure inherent in the practice of renaming. Similarly, it is common for slaves to be named in a way that reflects their European masters, such as 'Washington' or 'Jefferson,' in reference to their owners.

Evolution of Naming Practices Post-Slavery

After the end of slavery, the naming of ex-slaves often reflected their former lives. For example, a slave named John who worked for a Miller might become known as 'John Miller.' This practice of adopting a surname related to the former owner persisted in many communities. The transition from slave to free person was often marked by the acquisition of surnames, which became a symbol of identity and freedom.

Understanding the history of slave naming is crucial in comprehending the legacies of slavery and the ways in which historical injustices continue to shape social and cultural identities. The names given to slaves serve as a poignant reminder of the systemic dehumanization that occurred during this shameful period in history.

Conclusion

The practice of renaming slaves was a multifaceted act of oppression that aimed to strip individuals of their cultural, religious, and personal identities. By examining the origins, regional variations, and implications of these practices, we can gain a deeper understanding of the legacy of slavery and the complex ways in which it continues to affect society today.