Shakespeare's 'Hamlet': Publication History and Distinctive Elements

Timing of Publication

When did Shakespeare publish Hamlet? This is a question often asked, yet the clarity around specific dates is often overshadowed by the rich history of the play's manuscript and publication.

According to historical records, Shakespeare is thought to have created the original version of Hamlet between 1599 and 1601. The play took a life of its own, performing in theaters and garnering attention even before it was officially published. It was first performed sometime around 1602, with some speculation suggesting it might have been staged as early as 1601. The 1603 publication of Hamlet was a quarto edition, published by Nicholas Ling and John Trundell. This version, however, was an abridged one and did not include many of the lines and scenes that would be added in later editions.

Quarto and Folio Editions

The first more substantial publication of Hamlet came in 1604-05 as another quarto edition. This version differed significantly from the 1603 quarto, with hundreds of additional lines and scenes. These additions hint at the complex process through which Shakespeare's works were refined and adapted over time. The 1623 First Folio, compiled and published by Shakespeare's colleagues after his death, is a monumental collection that includes Hamlet, though it is closely aligned with the second quarto of 1604-05. The First Folio might be seen as a more definitive version, incorporating the extensive revisions and additions that Shakespeare had made to his work over the years.

Performance and Manuscript Issues

One of the most significant aspects of the early publication of Hamlet is the way in which it was preserved. The quarto versions that were available in the years following the play's premiere were often rushed, based on the notes taken by individual theatergoers who sought to record the plays for their own use. These 'bad' quartos, as they are sometimes referred to, were not official versions of the plays and often contained errors and omissions. They played a crucial role in the dissemination and preservation of much of Shakespeare's early work.

Other Influences on 'Hamlet'

The Hamlet that we know and love today did not emerge in a vacuum. It had roots in earlier theatrical traditions and literary works. For instance, Hamlet is believed to have borrowed some elements from a play by Thomas Kyd, which was performed in 1589. However, no records of this play exist, leaving much to speculation about the exact nature of the influence. Another significant inspiration was the 13th-century Danish legend of Amleth, as detailed in Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus. The complex plot and the theme of feigned madness can be traced back to this earlier source, adding to the layers of literary history embedded within Shakespeare's masterpiece.

The journey of Hamlet from its origins to its modern-day adaptations is a testament to the enduring power of this work. Through its evolution and the variety of editions, Hamlet continues to captivate audiences and scholars alike, with each version adding its own unique perspective to the rich tapestry of this timeless tragedy.